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第二十三章 指尖如酒（第1页）

reflectivepaper

◆theoryxandtheoryy

in1960，，，onthecontrary，

，

inmyopinion，theschoolwhichadoptstheoryxmaybecomemoreandmorerigid，butitcanalsorunsmoothly，，，

，thenewteacherscanalsobeintimidated，orconfused，ascribingvariousfactors，suchasschoolmanagementsystem’sintegrity，andtheteacher’

◆mutualpurpose

，，（2004）

，theirpersonalinterestmayconflictwiththeorganization’，

withaspecificandpracticalpurpose，inductioncanbemoreeffective，reallyservesforlearning，

◆classicalorganizationaltheory

itisthecontraryoftaylor’，insteadoftheindividualworker，，，

◆organizationalculture

thistermcangobackto193-s

◆basicassumptions

basicassumptionsareaboutpeople’snature，thenatureofhumanrelationships，thenatureofhumanactivity，:freedom-determinism，rationality-irrationality，holism-elemetalism，constitutionalism-environmentalism，subjectivity-objectivity，proactivity-reactivity，homeostasis-heterostasis，andknowability-

theprinciplecanusethetheoryofbasicassumptionstounderstandtheemployees，，theymayoptimisticandwillingtocontribute，，

◆intelligence

in1904，’，，，thestudentswhoareespeciallygiftedwithhighiqmayfindtheregularcurriculumtooeasy，，-

later，onthebasisofiq，’

◆humancapital

，becausehumanbeingsarechangeable，，usingsomespecificpsychologicalprinciplesconcerninghumanresources，canfacilitatetheprincipletotrain，motivate，

employmentcanbedifficult，，butalsopromoteaschool’

◆learningorganization

stayingcompetitiveintoday’，evenpredict，:anorganization，

inalearningorganization，-of-artknowledge，，

◆contingencyview

thecontingencyviewholdsthatthereisnoonebestwayofmanagingunderallconditions，-contingentfactorsthataffectaleader＇

theleaders，whocanactuallyexertcontroloverthestaff，excellentlygettaskinvolved，eptedbythesubordinates，，maygivedifferentinductionstodifferentnewteachers，

◆likert’sfoursystems

system1:exploitive-authoritative（orpunitive-authoritarian），theleaderhasalowconcernforpeopleandusessuchmethodsasthreatsandotherfear-;system2:benevolent-authoritative（orpaternalistic-authoritarian），theresponsibilityliesatthemanageriallevelsbutnotatthelowerlevelsoftheorganizationalhierarchy;system3:consultativesystem，thesuperiorhassubstantialbutnotcomplete，trustandconfidenceinhissubordinates;4:theparticipative（orgroupinteractive）modelofanorganizationalsystem，superiorshavecompleteconfidenceintheirsubordinates，

lowerthenumber，，

theleaderinexploitive-authoritativeconcernlittleforpeople，andpreferstousefear-，itcanalsostiflepeople’screativity，，essfulschools’leadersshouldpreferparticipativestyle，

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